F2F Class Notes (Raph)[R]

Vocabulary

Migraine (n): 1- severe continuous pain in the head, often with vomiting and difficulty in seeing. 2- 偏头痛
E.g.: Do you suffer from migraines?
E.g.: Considering the amount of stress she’s under, it’s not surprising she keeps getting migraines.

Versatile (adj): 1-  able to change easily from one activity to another or able to be used for many different purposes.
E.g.: He’s a very versatile young actor who’s as good in dramas as he is in TV comedies.
E.g.: A leather jacket is timeless and versatile, and can be worn in all seasons.

Trendy (adj): 1-  modern and influenced by the most recent fashions or ideas.
E.g.: He writes for some trendy magazine for the under-30s.

Citrus (n): 1- any of a group of plants that produce acidic fruits with a lot of juice, such as oranges, lemons, and limes.
E.g.: The field was planted with citrus trees.

Glaze (v): 1- to make a surface shiny by putting a liquid substance onto it and leaving it or heating it until it dries:
E.g.: Glaze the pastry with beaten egg.

Sensory (adj): 1- connected with the physical senses of touch, smell, taste, hearing, and sight.
E.g.: The activity was an interesting sensory experience.

Beetroot (n): 1- 红菜头

Trendy names make vegetables look tastier
(Source: breakingnewsenglish.com/1706/170615-vegetables-5.html)

Researchers say people eat more vegetables if the veggies have trendy labels. A research team found that vegetable sales went up by 25 per cent if they had trendy-sounding names. The researchers conducted their research on 600 diners at a university canteen. They labelled vegetable dishes in four different ways each day. There were vegetable dishes with a “basic” label (with just the word “carrots”), a healthy label (“carrots with sugar-free citrus dressing”), a “health positive” label (“smart-choice vitamin C citrus carrots”) and a trendy label (“twisted citrus-glazed carrots”).

Researchers created a wide choice of vegetables to see how effective the labels were. They used vegetables like beetroot, carrots, corn, green beans and sweet potato in their test. They used names like “twisted garlic-ginger butternut squash wedges,” or “dynamite chilli,” and “tangy lime-seasoned beets”. They said the dishes with the trendy labels were 25% more popular than those with the “basic” labels, and 41% more popular than those with other labels. A researcher said: “Labels really can influence our sensory experience, affecting how tasty and filling we think food will be.”

Grammar

Their body cannot fight with the virus. – Their body cannot fight the virus

There are total 10 participants. – There is a total of 10 participants. / There are 10 total participants

Noun = name of a thing, a person, an animal, a place, etc.
E.g.: Elinda, Raph, table, computer, chair, cup, Shanghai, phone, America, dog, etc..

Pronouns = words we use instead of a noun.
E.g.: I, You, He, She, It, We, You, They, Your, His, My, Mine, Them, Their, etc..

Adjectives = a word that describes a noun or a pronoun.
E.g.: beautiful, hot, cold, fat, thin, painful, big, small, useful, useless, good, bad, etc..

Adverb = a word that describes a verb, adjective or another adverb and answers one of the following questions:

• How: easily, happily, loudly, quickly, well, slowly, sadly, etc..
• How often: never, always, every day,  frequently, seldom, often, sometimes..
• When: now, after, before, early, yesterday, today, soon, since, etc..
• Where: here, there, home, inside, near, outside, away, everywhere, etc..

Prepositions: By

By is a versatile preposition which can be used in a number of situations. Today we take a look at some of its basic uses:

The way something is done

We use by to show how something is done:

We send a postcard or a letter by post.

We contact someone by phone or by email.

We pay for something by credit card or by cash.

Something happens by mistake, by accident or by chance.

Travel

We use by to show how someone travels:

They came by car/ by taxi/ by train/ by plane.

Note: do not use ‘the’, ‘my’ or ‘a’ when you use ‘by’. Instead use:
‘On the plane.’
‘In my car.’
‘On a boat.’

We can also use by with –ing to show how something happened:

‘She passed her test by studying hard.’

‘I got into the house by using my key.’

‘By’ in passives

In passive sentences we use by to show who or what did an action:

‘This was painted by Picasso.’

‘This house was built by my grandfather.’

‘I was invited by Sarah.’

‘By’ with adjectives

By can be used after the following adjectives:

‘We were surprised by the news.’

‘I was shocked by his death.’

‘She was astonished by his request’.

Note: ‘at’ can also be used in the above sentences.

‘They were impressed by my exam result.’ (‘with’ can also be used)

‘By’ as ‘next to’

By is also used to mean ‘next to’ or ‘beside’.

‘My dog came and sat by me.’

Use ‘by’ for ‘an amount’

Take a look at this other use of by:

‘He is older than me by 3 years.’

‘We sell tomatoes by the kilo.’

‘By’ as ‘no later than’

In the following situations by means ‘on’ or ‘before’:

‘Give me your homework by Friday.’

‘The boy must be in bed by 9 o’clock.’

‘By’ as ‘alone’

By can be used with:

myself/yourself/himself/herself/ourselves/yourselves/themselves

These all show someone or something being alone:

‘I stayed at home by myself and read the newspaper.’

‘The cat opened the door by himself.

Pronunciation

Sale

Sell

Vitamin

Citrus: /ˈsɪt.rəs/