F2F Class Notes 7th March (Raph)

Grammar

Add (v): 1- to put two or more numbers or amounts together to get a total. 2- to put something with something else to increase the number or amount or to improve the whole.
E.g.: If you add three and four you get seven.
E.g.: Beat the butter and sugar together and slowly add the eggs.

Addition (n): 1- he process of adding numbers or amounts together. 2- something that has been added to something else.
E.g.: Twice a week the children are tested in basic mathematical skills such as addition and subtraction.
E.g.: A secretary would be a useful addition to our staff.

Compare (v): 1- to examine or look for the difference between two or more things. (n: Comparison)
E.g.: If you compare house prices in the two areas, it’s quite amazing how different they are.

Concession (n): 1- something that you give or that you give up during a negotiation or bargain.
E.g.: Both sides involved in the conflict made some concessions in yesterday’s talks.

Conflict (n): 1- an active disagreement between people with opposing opinions or principles:
E.g.: There was a lot of conflict between him and his father.

Contrast (n): 1- an obvious difference between two or more things.
E.g.: I like the contrast of the white trousers with the black jacket.

Mindset (n): 1- a person’s way of thinking and their opinions.
E.g.: His mindset was very different from his father’s.

Generation gap (n): 1- a situation in which older and younger people do not understand each other because of their different experiences, opinions, habits, and behavior.
E.g.: She’s a young politician who manages to bridge (= understand both groups in) the generation gap.

Summary (n): 1- a short, clear description that gives the main facts or ideas about something (v: summarize)
E.g.: At the end of the news, they often give you a summary of the main stories.

Sequence (n): 1- a series of related things or events, or the order in which they follow each other.
E.g.: The first chapter describes the strange sequence of events that led to his death.

Pronunciation

Conjunctive adverbs and their function (note that some devices appear with more than one definition):

1. Addition: again, also, and, and then, besides, equally important, finally, first, further, furthermore, in addition, in the first place, last, moreover, next, second, still, too, etc..
2. Comparison: also, in the same way, likewise, similarly, etc..
3. Concession: granted, naturally, of course, etc..
4. Contrast: although, and yet, at the same time, but at the same time, despite that, even so, even though, for all that, however, in contrast, in spite of, instead, nevertheless, notwithstanding, on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise, regardless, still, though, yet
5. Emphasis: certainly, indeed, in fact, of course.
6. Example or Illustration: after all, as an illustration, even, for example, for instance, in conclusion, indeed, in fact, in other words, in short, it is true, of course, namely, specifically, that is, to illustrate, thus, truly
7. Summary: all in all, altogether, as has been said, finally, in brief, in conclusion, in other words, in particular, in short, in simpler terms, in summary, on the whole, that is, therefore, to put it differently, to summarize.
8. Time Sequence: after a while, afterward, again, also, and then, as long as, at last, at length, at that time, before, besides, earlier, eventually, finally, formerly, further, furthermore, in addition, in the first place, in the past, last, lately, meanwhile, moreover, next, now, presently, second, shortly, simultaneously, since, so far, soon, still, subsequently, then, thereafter, too, until, until now, when.