2xOnline Class Notes (Mike)

写一下你人生中想做的6件事，然后哪些时已经做完了的，哪些还没有。

There are 6 things that I want to do before I die.

When you encounter animals, do you wonder what they’re thinking? Seeing a newborn lamb or a cute puppy might stir up happy emotions in us, but what are they thinking? Does the look on their face and how they behave indicate how they’re feeling – or are they feeling nothing at all?

Humans have a complex range of emotions, but it’s hard to tell what’s going on inside the heads of animals, mainly because they can’t verbalise their feelings. Perhaps it’s pets we think we understand most – as they are the animals we spend a lot of time with and therefore get to know best. Some of us own dogs because they are good companions, are loyal and seem to connect with us. We might even think they love us, although love could just be a human emotion. Professor Kim Bard, an expert in comparative developmental psychology from the University of Portsmouth, told the BBC: “We have a few studies now that actually show, scientifically… that [some] dogs will respond with empathetic concern when their owner – but not a stranger – pretends to cry.” The empathetic ability of cats, however, is harder to work out.

Other non-domesticated animals might have feelings too. Giraffes and whales, for example, are known to experience grief when someone in their group dies. Farm animals we often eat, such as cows and chickens, are also believed to experience pain, joy and other emotions. Their wellbeing is now taken into consideration more. And in the UK, new legislation means all vertebrate animals and crustaceans will be recognised in law as sentient beings. It’s believed even tiny creatures like insects might have emotions as well. Research is beginning to show they experience a wide range of feelings. Writing for BBC Future website, Zaria Gorvett says “they can be optimistic, cynical, or frightened, and respond to pain just like any mammal would.”

Dr Barbara J King, Emerita Professor of Anthropology at the College of William and Mary, told the BBC: “If we understand the profound depths of emotions animals can feel, this should make us question the existence of zoos and slaughterhouses around the world, and rethink those systems.” It does seem all creatures feel emotion, but what is not clear is do they feel the same way as us?

stir up 激起（情感）
emotion 情感，情绪
feel 感觉
a range of 各种，不同的
verbalise 用语言表达
feelings 情感，感情
companion 同伴，伙伴
connect with 与…合得来，情感相通
empathetic 有同感的，通人情的
concern 担忧
experience 感受，体会
grief 悲痛，悲伤
pain 疼痛，痛苦
joy 喜悦
sentient 有感知能力的
optimistic 乐观的
cynical 持怀疑态度的
frightened 害怕的

When you encounter animals, do you wonder what they’re thinking? Seeing a newborn lamb or a cute puppy might stir up happy emotions in us, but what are they thinking? Does the look on their face and how they behave indicate how they’re feeling – or are they feeling nothing at all?

Humans have a complex range of emotions, but it’s hard to tell what’s going on inside the heads of animals, mainly because they can’t verbalise their feelings. Perhaps it’s pets we think we understand most – as they are the animals we spend a lot of time with and therefore get to know best. Some of us own dogs because they are good companions, are loyal and seem to connect with us. We might even think they love us, although love could just be a human emotion. Professor Kim Bard, an expert in comparative developmental psychology from the University of Portsmouth, told the BBC: “We have a few studies now that actually show, scientifically… that [some] dogs will respond with empathetic concern when their owner – but not a stranger – pretends to cry.” The empathetic ability of cats, however, is harder to work out.

Other non-domesticated animals might have feelings too. Giraffes and whales, for example, are known to experience grief when someone in their group dies. Farm animals we often eat, such as cows and chickens, are also believed to experience pain, joy and other emotions. Their wellbeing is now taken into consideration more. And in the UK, new legislation means all vertebrate animals and crustaceans will be recognised in law as sentient beings. It’s believed even tiny creatures like insects might have emotions as well. Research is beginning to show they experience a wide range of feelings. Writing for BBC Future website, Zaria Gorvett says “they can be optimistic, cynical, or frightened, and respond to pain just like any mammal would.”

Dr Barbara J King, Emerita Professor of Anthropology at the College of William and Mary, told the BBC: “If we understand the profound depths of emotions animals can feel, this should make us question the existence of zoos and slaughterhouses around the world, and rethink those systems.” It does seem all creatures feel emotion, but what is not clear is do they feel the same way as us?

Yesterday I’m cold, so today I go to the doctor.I .register to department and pay the fee.I wait in a line to meet doctor.When I see a doctor,I tell her I’m

cold.She ask for I do a blood test.Then she give me some drugs and ask me attention to Diet.

Yesterday I got/caught a cold, so today I went to see a doctor. I registered to department and paid the fee. I waited in a line to see the doctor. When I saw him/her, I told  her I got a cold. She asked me to do a blood test. Then she gave me some drugs and asked me to pay attention to my diet/what I eat everyday.

Last week I had a really bad headache, so I went to the hospital to see a doctor. I told the doctor my feelings and symptoms. He said that my headache was caused by cold air from the air conditioner. (空调里的冷空气) After hearing what I said, the doctor prescribed two kinds of medicines for me. He told me to take medicine A 3 times a day. And for medicine B, I need to take it 2 times a day after my meal. He also told me to exercise more and eat a healthier diet.

A week later, I felt much better.

How tall are you? Do you tower over your friends and family – or are they people you literally have to look up to? Obviously, we’re not all the same, and size doesn’t really matter. But did you know that there’s a possibility that we’re all getting taller?

你多高？比你的朋友和家人高吗？或者他们是你真正仰望的人？显然，我们不全一样，身高不是真的重要。但是你知道有一种可能我们都可以更高吗？

Of course, our height is out of our control – it’s a biological fact, influenced partly by genetics. The idea that being taller gives you more power and authority might be a tall story, but according to David Robson, writing for BBC Future, “on the basis of first impressions alone, taller people may have the edge.” He adds that despite some slight risks to your health, various studies have found that the greater your height, the higher you score on measures of happiness and enjoyment of life.

当然，我们的身高缺乏我们的控制，它是一个生理事实，通过遗传影响部分。更高给你更多的控制力和权威的想法也许是一个无稽之谈。但是根据David Robson为BBC Future写到“在第一印象基础上，更高的人也许有优势”。他补充道，尽管对你的健康有少量的风险，但是各种研究发现你的身高越高，在幸福的衡量和生活的享受上你的得分更高。

If this makes you want to become loftier, it’s good to know that all of us are taller than we were 150 years ago – by as much as ten centimetres. Scientists have known for a long time that humans with good diets and reliable access to food tend to grow taller and mature more quickly. Adult height in some countries has rocketed as they transformed into a developed society.

如果这使你想变得更高，知道我们所有人比150年以前高10cm是有益的。科学家们很久就知道人类好的饮食和食物的可靠渠道可以使他们长的更高成熟的更快。在一些国家成人身高迅速增长像他们改变一个发达的社会一样。

In a recent study, scientists have discovered a brain receptor, called MC3R, linked to our growing process. It’s thought to be the crucial link between food and sex development and growth. Professor Sir Stephen O’Rahilly from Cambridge University told the BBC: “It tells the body we’re great here, we’ve got lots of food, so grow quickly, have puberty soon and make lots of babies.” This discovery could lead to drugs to improve muscle mass and treat delayed growth, UK researchers say.

在最近一个研究中，科学家们发现脑受体，命名为MC3R，与我们的成长过程有关联。连接食物与性发展成长至关重要。来自Cambridge 大学的Sir Stephen O’Rahilly教授告诉BBC“它说身体我们在这是有益的，我们得到许多食物，因此快速成长，一会就到青春期且制造许多婴儿”。英国研究员说这个发现促使用药物提高肌肉量和治疗延迟成长。

For those aspiring to be taller, we need to look at the Dutch, who stand head and shoulders above the rest of us as the tallest people in the world. But there is a ceiling for height, and it’s reached when people achieve their genetic potential. But, of course lanky people have to stoop through doorways and struggle to fit in cars and can have joint and cardiovascular problems, so maybe we should be careful for what we wish for.

对那些对更高有抱负的来说，我们需要看荷兰，站着远远高于剩下的我们像在世界上最高的人。但是身高有上限，人们达到他们遗传的潜力。但是，当然瘦高的人必须弯腰穿过门口并努力适应车里并会有关节和心血管问题，因此也许我们应该小心我们所希望的。

tower over 比…高
look up to someone 仰望（某人），敬仰某人
height 身高
biological 生理的
genetics 遗传
tall story 无稽之谈
the edge 优势
lofty 高的
mature 发育成熟的
rocket 迅速增长
brain receptor 脑受体
growing 生长的
puberty 青春期
muscle mass 肌肉量
head and shoulders above 比…高出一大截，远远高于
ceiling 上限
lanky 瘦高的
stoop 弯腰

1. 阅读课文并回答问题。
2. How is height thought to relate to happiness?

The greater your height, the higher you score.

2. Up to how much taller have people grown in the last 150 years?

Ten centimetres.

3. True or false? Humans with reliable access to food tend to grow taller.

True.

4. What has the brain receptor called MC3R been found to do?

It’s thought to be the crucial link between food and sex development and growth.

5. Which people tend to be tallest in the world?

Dutch people.

2. 选择意思恰当的单词或词组来完成下列句子。
3. The footballer is a role model that other players ____look up to___.

look down to              look in to                    look up to                  look up from

2. Mind your head. You need to ___stoop____ to get through this small door.

lanky                          stoop                          mature                      ceiling

3. Because of the bad winter, prices of vegetables have ___rocketed____.

rocketed                     rocketing                    rockets                      rocketted

4. The house feels very spacious with __lofty___ ceilings.

mature                        height                         lofty                           lanky

5. The big mountain ____ towers over___ the town, blocking the Sun in the afternoons.

tower over                   towers over                towering over            towers under

Vocabulary

drugs (n) 毒品，药物
drug dealer 毒贩子
drugstore (n) 药店
pharmacy (n) 药店（更常见）
medicine (n) 药物
pill (n) 药丸，药片

exercise
(v) I exercise 4 times a week.
(n) I do exercise 4 times a week.

cause (v) 引起，导致，归因于
A caused B.
Sugar causes diabetes. 糖引起糖尿病。

prescribe (v) 给… 开配方药
The doctor prescribed some painkiller to me. 止疼药
prescription (n) 配方单

recipe (n) 食物的配方

symptom (n) 症状
What is the symptom of high blood pressure?
symptomatic (adj.) 有症状的
asymptomatic cases 无症状感染者/病例

cold
(n) 感冒:
catch/get a cold  得了感冒
(adj.) 冷的，冷漠的
I am cold to you.

ask sb to do sth：让/叫某人去做某事
ask sb for sth: 找某人要/索求某事

attention (n) 注意力
pay attention to 关注，把注意力放在….
We need to pay attention to what the teacher said. 

The Netherlands = Holland (n) 荷兰
Dutch (n/adj.) 荷兰的，荷兰人
Go Dutch：AA 制
Let’s go dutch. 

height (n)
high (adj.)

loft (n)  两层的小公寓楼，顶层的阁楼
lofty (adj.) （建筑）高的

condition (n) 条件，状况

flow (v) 飘，流水，潮

Europe (n) 欧洲
European (adj.) 欧洲的

total (adj.) 总共的

population (n) 人口
popular (adj.) 流行的

foreign (adj.)外国的
foreigner (n) 外国人

urban (n) 城市的
suburban （adj.）郊区的

historic (adj.) 历史的

Athens (n) 雅典

Pronunciation

动词ed结尾的三种发音规则：

1. 动词以元音或浊辅音结尾时，后缀 “-ed” 读作 /d/。

• played
• used
• paved
• slowed

2. 动词以清音结尾时，后缀 “-ed” 读作 /t/。

• looked
• helped
• fixed
• cracked

3. 动词以 /t/ 或 /d/ 结尾时，后缀 “-ed” 读作 /ɪd/。

• wanted
• needed
• printed
• moulded

现在完成时：动作已经完成了: 可持续的动作已经完成了。 （强调到目前为止，动作已经完成）我们说话的时候，动作完成了吗？
He has died.
He died.
一般过去时：动作发生在过去，有没有完成不知道。(强调动作发生在过去) 跟现在的时间相比，这个动作发生在什么时候？

Have you done your homework?
I have done my homework.

When did you do your homework？
I did my homework at 7pm last night.

He went to Japan.
He has been to Japan.