VIP Class Notes (Whitney) [S + R]
Next Class Focus
When to use “don’t” or “am not” after I.
When to use “ing” when you describe something that you like doing.
e.g. “I like swimming” vs. “I like to swim.”
Homework
Using -ed or -ing, circle the correct answer:
This wet weather is so (depressed/depressing)
I will be very (surprised/surprising) if she does well in her test.
My new job is extremely (tired/tiring)
I come home extremely (tired/tiring) at the end of each day.
He’s such a (boring/bored) person. He never wants to go out.
Vocabulary
necessary: åæ č¦
infinitive verb:Ā ééå®åØčÆ (åŗē”åØčÆ)
vowel:Ā å
é³ a, e, i, o, u
vow-el
consonant:Ā č¾
é³Ā (å
é³ä»„å¤)Ā p, f, n, t etc.
con-so-nant
distill:Ā čøé¦
Distilled Water
equal:Ā å¹³ē
syllable:Ā é³č
There is one syllable in the word “stop” but three syllables in the word “example”.
Grammar
The basic form of a verb is called the infinitive. Verbs may change their spelling according to which tense is being used.
TheĀ past tenseĀ refers to things that happened in the past. čæå»
To make the past tense of regular verbs, the endingĀ -edĀ is added to the infinitive (‘IĀ askedĀ her a question’).
TheĀ present participleĀ refers to things that are still happening. ē°åØ
To make the present participle, the endingĀ -ingĀ is added to the infinitive (‘I amĀ askingĀ her a question’).
Often there’s no need to make any other spelling changes when you addĀ -edĀ andĀ -ingĀ to the infinitive but there are some cases when it’s necessary to do so. Here are some rules to help you get it right:
Verbs ending with a silent e
If the verb ends with anĀ eĀ that isnāt pronounced (as inĀ bakeĀ orĀ smile), then you need to drop this finalĀ -eĀ before addingĀ -edĀ andĀ -ing:
verb | past tense | present participle |
bake | baked | baking |
smile | smiled | smiling |
Verbs ending in –ee, –ye, and –oeĀ (such asĀ free,Ā dye, andĀ tiptoe) do not drop the final –eĀ when addingĀ -ing:
verb | past tense | present participle |
free | freed | freeing |
dye | dyed | dyeing |
tiptoe | tiptoed | tiptoeing |
dye – ęč² dyeing
die – ę»äŗ” dying
A very few verbs keep the finalĀ -eĀ when addingĀ -ingĀ to distinguish them from similar words. For example,Ā singeĀ becomesĀ singeingĀ rather thanĀ singingĀ (which is the present participle ofĀ sing).
singe –Ā ē§ē¦
singed
singeing
singing – ē°åØåØå±ę
Verbs ending with a vowel plus -l
If the verb ends with a vowel plusĀ -lĀ (as inĀ travelĀ orĀ equal), then you need to double theĀ lĀ before addingĀ -edĀ and –ingĀ in British English:
a,i,e,o,u + L
= 2 x L + ed/ing
verb | past tense | present participle |
travel | travelled | travelling |
distil | distilled | distilling |
equal | equalled | equalling |
äøä¼ę2äøŖLåé³åŗę„
Verbs ending with a single vowel plus a consonant
If the verb ends with a single vowel plus a consonant, and the stressĀ is at the end of the word (e.g.Ā refer), then you need to double the final consonant before addingĀ -edĀ andĀ āing:
1 x vowel + 1 consonant = 2 x consonant + ed/ing
i + t = tt + ed/ing
verb | past tense | present participle |
admit | admitted | admitting |
commit | committed | committing |
refer | referred | referring |
2äøŖconsonanté½ä¼åé³
If the verb ends with a vowel plus a consonant and the stress isĀ notĀ at the end of the word, you donāt need to double the final consonant when addingĀ -edĀ andĀ -ing:
åé³ééäøåØåé¢ēčÆ
verb | past tense | present participle |
inherit | inherited | inheriting |
target | targeted | targeting |
visit | visited | visiting |
If the verb has only one syllable and ends with a single vowel plus a consonant (e.g.Ā stop), then you need to double the final consonant before addingĀ -edĀ andĀ -ing:
1 x vowel + 1 consonant = 2 x consonant + ed/ing
p = pp + ed/ing
verb | past tense | present participle |
stop | stopped | stopping |
tap | tapped | tapping |
sob | sobbed | sobbing |
Verbs ending with two vowels plus a consonant
If the verb ends with two vowels plus a consonant, you should generallyĀ notĀ double the final consonant:
2 x vowel + consonant é£å°±äøēØåå consonant
verb | past tense | present participle |
treat | treated | treating |
wheel | wheeled | wheeling |
pour | poured | pouring |
Verbs ending in -c
If the verb ends inĀ -cĀ (e.g.Ā panic), you need to add aĀ -kĀ before addingĀ -edĀ andĀ -ing, and alsoĀ -er.
c + k + ed/ing = past/present tense
c + k + er = noun
verb | past tense | present participle | related noun |
picnic | picnicked | picnicking | picnicker |
mimic | mimicked | mimicking | mimicker |
traffic | trafficked | trafficking | trafficker |
Reading
http://testyourvocab.com/result?user=11003517
Current vocabulary size: 2,380
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