VIP Class Notes (Whitney) [S + R]

When to use “don’t” or “am not” after I.

When to use “ing” when you describe something that you like doing.
e.g. “I like swimming” vs. “I like to swim.”

Using -ed or -ing, circle the correct answer:

This wet weather is so (depressed/depressing)

I will be very (surprised/surprising) if she does well in her test.

My new job is extremely (tired/tiring)

I come home extremely (tired/tiring) at the end of each day.

He’s such a (boring/bored) person. He never wants to go out.

Vocabulary

necessary: 必要

infinitive verb: 非限定动词 (基础动词)

vowel: 元音 a, e, i, o, u
vow-el

consonant: 辅音 (元音以外)  p, f, n, t etc.
con-so-nant

distill: 蒸馏
Distilled Water

equal: 平等

syllable: 音节
There is one syllable in the word “stop” but three syllables in the word “example”.

Grammar

The basic form of a verb is called the infinitive. Verbs may change their spelling according to which tense is being used.

The past tense refers to things that happened in the past. 过去
To make the past tense of regular verbs, the ending -ed is added to the infinitive (‘I asked her a question’).

The present participle refers to things that are still happening. 现在
To make the present participle, the ending -ing is added to the infinitive (‘I am asking her a question’).

Often there’s no need to make any other spelling changes when you add -ed and -ing to the infinitive but there are some cases when it’s necessary to do so. Here are some rules to help you get it right:

Verbs ending with a silent e

If the verb ends with an e that isn’t pronounced (as in bake or smile), then you need to drop this final -e before adding -ed and -ing:

Verbs ending in –ee, –ye, and –oe (such as free, dye, and tiptoe) do not drop the final –e when adding -ing:

dye – 染色 dyeing
die – 死亡 dying

A very few verbs keep the final -e when adding -ing to distinguish them from similar words. For example, singe becomes singeing rather than singing (which is the present participle of sing).

singe – 烧焦
singed
singeing

singing – 现在在唱歌

Verbs ending with a vowel plus -l

If the verb ends with a vowel plus -l (as in travel or equal), then you need to double the l before adding -ed and –ing in British English:

a,i,e,o,u + L

= 2 x L + ed/ing

不会把2个L发音出来

Verbs ending with a single vowel plus a consonant

If the verb ends with a single vowel plus a consonant, and the stress is at the end of the word (e.g. refer), then you need to double the final consonant before adding -ed and –ing:

1 x vowel + 1 consonant = 2 x consonant + ed/ing
i + t = tt + ed/ing

2个consonant都会发音

If the verb ends with a vowel plus a consonant and the stress is not at the end of the word, you don’t need to double the final consonant when adding -ed and -ing:

发音重量不在后面的词

If the verb has only one syllable and ends with a single vowel plus a consonant (e.g. stop), then you need to double the final consonant before adding -ed and -ing:

1 x vowel + 1 consonant = 2 x consonant + ed/ing
p = pp + ed/ing

Verbs ending with two vowels plus a consonant

If the verb ends with two vowels plus a consonant, you should generally not double the final consonant:

2 x vowel + consonant 那就不用再加consonant

Verbs ending in -c

If the verb ends in -c (e.g. panic), you need to add a -k before adding -ed and -ing, and also -er.

c + k + ed/ing = past/present tense
c + k + er = noun

http://testyourvocab.com/result?user=11003517

Current vocabulary size: 2,380