F2F Class Notes (Raph)[S]

RaphAmy

Vocabulary

Quote (v): 1- to repeat the words that someone else has said or written:
E.g.: He’s always quoting from the Bible.
E.g.: “If they’re flexible, we’re flexible”, the official was quoted as saying.
E.g.: She worked, to quote her daughter, “as if there were no tomorrow”.
E.g.: Can I quote you on that (= can I repeat to other people what you have just said)?

Occasionally (adv): 1- sometimes but not often:
E.g.: I see him occasionally in town.
E.g.: Occasionally I’ll have a piece of chocolate, but it’s very rare.

Speaking exercise

Original:

The article talking about a bus crash in the tractor and they falling down to rock beach. In the bus had 46 people, but they just survive six people. The six people went to a hospital.

Edited:

Yesterday I had a class with Celeste and we read an article on News In Levels. The article was about a bus that crashed into a tractor and fell down to the rock beach.  There were 57 people on the bus, but only six survived. The survivors were taken to a hospital.

Grammar

Reported Speech:

Sometimes someone says a sentence, for example “I’m going to the cinema tonight”. Later, maybe we want to tell someone else what the first person said. In those cases, we use the “reported speech”. We use a ‘reporting verb’ like ‘say’ or ‘tell’. (Click here for more about using ‘say’ and ‘tell’.) If this verb is in the present tense, it’s easy. We just put ‘she says’ and then the sentence.  We don’t need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change the ‘person’ from ‘I’ to ‘she’, for example. We also may need to change words like ‘my’ and ‘your’.

Direct speech: I like ice cream.
Reported speech: She says (that) she likes ice cream.

But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses in the reported speech:

Direct speech: I like ice cream.
Reported speech: She said (that) she liked ice cream.

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple I like ice cream She said (that) she liked ice cream.
present continuous I am living in London She said (that) she was living in London.
past simple I bought a car She said (that) she had bought a car OR She said (that) she bought a car.
past continuous I was walking along the street She said (that) she had been walking along the street.
present perfect I haven’t seen Julie She said (that) she hadn’t seen Julie.
past perfect* I had taken English lessons before She said (that) she had taken English lessons before.
will I’ll see you later She said (that) she would see me later.
would* I would help, but..” She said (that) she would help but…
can I can speak perfect English She said (that) she could speak perfect English.
could* I could swim when I was four She said (that) she could swim when she was four.
shall I shall come later She said (that) she would come later.
should* I should call my mother She said (that) she should call her mother
might* I might be late She said (that) she might be late
must I must study at the weekend She said (that) she must study at the weekend OR She said she had to study at the weekend

* doesn’t change.

Sometimes we don’t need to change the present tense into the past if the information in direct speech is still true (but this is only for things which are general facts, and even then usually we like to change the tense):

  • Direct speech: The sky is blue.
  • Reported speech: She said (that) the sky is/was blue.

Pronunciation

Quote: /kwoʊt/

Roof: /ruːf/

Rough: /rʌf/

Beach: /biːtʃ/

Read (present): /riːd/

Read (past): /red/