F2F Class Notes (Raph)

RaphKaren F

Vocabulary

Outcast (n): 1- a person who has no place in their society or in a particular group, because the society or group refuses to accept them:
E.g.:Ā She has spent her life trying to help the homeless and other social outcasts.
E.g.:Ā She was a political outcast after the Party expelled her in 1982.

Tie down (v): 1- to hold someone or something in place with ropes. 2- to make someone feel that they are not free.
E.g.:Ā Tie down anything that might blow away in the storm.
E.g.:Ā He’s feeling tied down in the relationship.

Aside (adv): 1- on or to one side. 2- If you put/set aside money, you save it for a particular purpose 3- If you leave or put a problem or request aside, you ignore it until you are able to solve it.
E.g.: He pulled the curtain aside.
E.g.: I gave her a plate of food but she pushed it aside.
E.g.: I’ve forgotten my wallet, so could you put this book aside (= keep this book) for me and I’ll come back later on.
E.g.: She took me aside (= took me away from the other people) to tell me the news.
E.g.: Every week I put aside some money for a new TV.
E.g.: Let’s leave that matter aside for now and talk about the more urgent problem facing us.

And so on: 1-Ā etcetera.
E.g.:Ā Their menu includes cheeses, cold meats, and so on.

So far (adv): 1- until now.
E.g.: So far we’ve made Ā£32,000.

-ish (suffix): 1- used to form adjectives to give the meaning to some degree; fairly:
E.g.: He had a sort of reddish beard.
E.g.: She was oldish – about 60, I’d say.
E.g.: We’ll start at sevenish (= about seven o’clock).

Grammar

Ensure Vs Make sure Vs Assure

The main difference betweenĀ ensureĀ andĀ make sureĀ is that you cannotĀ ensureĀ a person. So your first sentence is incorrect. Possible sentences include:

I can/will ensure that the goods are/will be delivered on time.
I can/will make sure that the goods are/will be delivered on time.
I (can) assure you that the goods will be delivered on time

WHO vs. WHOM

WhoĀ andĀ whomĀ areĀ wh-words. We use them to ask questions and to introduce relative clauses.

1- WhoĀ as a question word

We useĀ whoĀ as an interrogative pronoun to begin questions about people:

  • Whoā€™s next?
  • WhoĀ makes the decisions here?
  • WhoĀ did you talk to?

We useĀ whoĀ in indirect questions and statements:

  • The phone rang. She asked meĀ whoĀ it was.
  • Can you tell meĀ whoĀ I should talk to.
  • I canā€™t rememberĀ whoĀ told meĀ 

2- Emphatic questions withĀ whoeverĀ andĀ who on earth

We can ask emphatic questions usingĀ whoeverĀ orĀ who on earthĀ to express shock or surprise. We stressĀ everĀ andĀ earth:

  • WhoeverĀ does she think she is, speaking to us like that?Ā (stronger thanĀ Who does she think she is?)
  • Who onĀ EarthĀ has left all this rubbish here?Ā (stronger thanĀ Who has left all this rubbish here?)

3- WhoĀ in relative clauses

We useĀ whoĀ as a relative pronoun to introduce a relative clause about people:

  • The police officerĀ whoĀ came was a friend of my fatherā€™s.
  • He shared a flat with Anne Bolton,Ā whoĀ he married, and eventually they moved to Australia
Whom

WhomĀ is the object form ofĀ who. We useĀ whomĀ to refer to people in formal styles or in writing, when the person is the object of the verb. We donā€™t use it very often and we use it more commonly in writing than in speaking.

We useĀ whomĀ commonly with prepositions. Some formal styles prefer to use a preposition beforeĀ whomĀ than to leave the preposition ā€˜hangingā€™ at the end of the sentence:

  • Before a job interview it is a good idea, if you can, to find out some background information about the peopleĀ for whomĀ you would be working.Ā (preferred in some formal styles toĀ ā€¦ about the peopleĀ whomĀ you would be workingĀ for)
  • Over 200 people attended the ceremony, manyĀ of whomĀ had known Harry as their teacher.

We use it in relative clauses:

  • She gave birth in 1970 to a boyĀ whomĀ she named Caleb James.

We use it in indirect questions and statements:

  • He didnā€™t askĀ forĀ whomĀ I had voted.
  • He told me where he went andĀ withĀ whom.Ā (preferred in some formal styles toĀ He told me where he went andĀ who with.)