F2F Class Notes (Raph)
Vocabulary
Protocol (n): 1- a plan or set of steps of action related to a specific situation.
E.g.:Ā The company has created a set of very specific protocols on how to act in case of delays and other problems.
Ambiguous (adj): 1- having or expressing more than one possible meaning, sometimes intentionally:
E.g.: His reply to my question was very ambiguous.
Restrict (v): 1- to limit the movements or actions of someone, or to limit something and reduce its size or prevent it from increasing:
E.g.: The government has restricted freedom of movement into and out of the country.
E.g.: Having small children really restricts your social life.
Grammar
Which Vs. That
If the sentence doesnāt need the clause that the word in question is connecting, useĀ which. If it does, useĀ that. (Pretty easy to remember, isnāt it?) Let me explain with a couple of examples.
- Our office, which has two lunchrooms, is located in Cincinnati.
- Our office that has two lunchrooms is located in Cincinnati.
These sentences are not the same. The first sentence tells us that you have just one office, and itās located in Cincinnati. The clauseĀ which has two lunchroomsĀ gives us additional information, but it doesnāt change the meaning of the sentence. Remove the clause and the location of our one office would still be clear:Ā Our office is located in Cincinnati.
The second sentence suggests that we have multiple offices, butĀ the office with two lunchroomsĀ is located in Cincinnati. The phraseĀ that has two lunchroomsĀ is known as a restrictive clause because another part of the sentence (our office) depends on it. You canāt remove that clause without changing the meaning of the sentence.
Letās look at another example:
- The time machine, which looked like a telephone booth, concerned Bill and Ted.
- The time machine that looked like a telephone booth concerned Bill and Ted.
In the first sentence (thanks to the use ofĀ which), the time machine concerned Bill and Ted. It also happened to look like a telephone booth. In the second sentence (which uses the restrictive clause), Bill and Ted are concerned with the time machine that looks like a telephone booth. They arenāt concerned with the one that looks like a garden shed or the one that looks like a DeLorean (Marty McFly may have reservations about that one).
Now that youāve learned the rule, letās put it to a test:
1. The iPad (which/that) connects to the iCloud was created by Apple.
2. The issue of Writerās Digest (which/that) has Brian A. Klemsā picture on the cover is my favorite.
The correct answers are:
1.Ā The iPad,Ā whichĀ connects to the iCloud, was created by Apple.Ā (All iPads connect to the iCloud, so itās unnecessary information.)
2.Ā The issue ofĀ Writerās DigestĀ thatĀ has Brian A. Klems picture on the cover is my favorite. (Your favorite issue ofĀ Writerās DigestĀ isnāt just any issue, itās the one with me on the cover.)
I care you –Ā I care about you.
I don’t know if I real understand what she said.Ā –Ā I don’t know if I really understand what she said.Ā
Pronunciation
Comprehensive:Ā Ā /ĖkÉĖm.prÉĖhen.sÉŖv/
Thorough:Ā /ĖĪøÉĖ.É/Ā /ĖĪøÉĖ.oŹ/
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